Biology
From Niserwiki
[edit] Semesterwise List of Courses
Semester 1
B 101 Biology I (Organismic Biology and Cell Biology
BL 101 Biology Laboratory
Semester 2
B 201 Biology II (Molecules of living systems
BL 201 Biology Laboratory
Semester 3
B 301 Cell Biology
B 302 Microbiology
B 303 Biochemistry
EO 1 Catalysis
BL 301 Microbiology & Cell Biology Lab
BL 302 Biochemistry & instrumentation Lab
Semester 4
B 401 Plant physiology
B 402 Animal physiology
B 403 Genetics
EO 2 Mathematical Biology
BL 401 Plant & animal physiology lab
BL 402 Genetics & instrumentation lab
Semester 5
B 501 Molecular Biology
B 502 Immunology
B 503 Developmental Biology EO 3 Radiation biology & medical physics
BL 501 Molecular Biology lab
BL 502 Immunology lab
Semester 6
B 601 Genetic engineering
B 602 Biophysics and structural biology
B 603 Computational biology and bioinformatics
EO 4 Chemical biology
BL 601 Genetic engineering lab
BL 602 Bioinformatics lab
Semester 7
B 701 Evolutionary biology
B 702 Ecology
Elective courses (2 nos)
Project Work
Semester 8
Only Electives ( 3 nos)
Project Work
Semester 9
Dissertation project
Seminar course
Optional elective
Semester 10
Dissertation project
Journal Club
Optional elective
[edit] B101 Biology I(Credits: 3)
- Organismic Biology
Origin of life, chemical evolution and theories of origin of life
Diversity of biological species
Evolution of biological species
Classic experiments in biology
Interface of biology and physical sciences
- Cell Biology
Prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells, plant and animal cells
Cell wall of bacteria, plant and fungal cells
Structure of cell membrane, cytoskeleton
Nucleus and nuclear components – structure & function
Cell division, cell cycle
[edit] BL 101 Biology Practical I(Credits: 2)
Microtomy - sectioning of plant animal tissue, staining, histological observations, preparation and preservation of slides. Use of microscope, Comparative anatomy using stored specimens and deduction of evolutionary relationship. Cell homogenization and isolation of protein, DNA and RNA
[edit] B201 Biology II (Credits: 3)
Molecules of Living systems
Water, chemical and physical properties, dissociation constant, PKa, pH, buffer, buffering capacity
Carbohydrates- classification
Amino acids and proteins: types, zwitter ionic forms, peptide bonds, proteins – primary, secondary and tertiary structures, functions
Nucleic acids – physical, chemical properties, basic units, types.
Lipids – classification, fats, fatty acids.
Other biologically relevant molecules such as vitamins, hormones, trace elements.
[edit] BL 201 Biology Practical II(Credits: 2)
Biochemical analysis of protein, DNA, RNA, carbohydrate and lipids. Paper and thin layer chromatography, Electrophoresis of proteins & DNA.
[edit] B301 Cell Biology (Credits-4)
- Overview of Cell biology
- Universal features of cells
- Diversity of genomes
- Overview of cell chemistry
- Visualization of cell, its fine structure and molecules
- The cell membrane and its structure
- Transport across membrane
- Ion channels
- Cellular compartments and function, protein sorting
- Vesicular traffic inside the cells
- Mitochondria and chloroplast and its genetic system
- Cell signaling, receptor, ligands, signaling pathways
- Cytoskeleton of cells, cytoskeleton filaments, molecular motors
- Cell cycle
- Cell division- Mitosis, meiosis and the mechanism of cell division
- Germ cells
- Stem cells
- Cancer cells
- Necrotic & Apoptotic cell death
Recommended Books:-
“Molecular biology of the Cell” by Albert et.al
B302 Microbiology (Credits-4)
1. Overview of Microbial world & development Microbiology as a science
- Isolation, characterization & growth of microorganisms & control of microbial growth (disinfection & sterilization)
- Gross and time structure of bacteria, viruses and eukaryotic Microbes
4. Microbial nutrition and physiology
5. Microbial genetics
6. Microbial evolution and taxonomy
7 Microbial ecology, associations and environmental microbiology
8. Industrial microbiology- brief over view
9. Microbes in health & disease & host parasite relationship
10. Microbes in Agriculture, microbial diseases of plants &nitrogen fixation.
11. Antibiotics, Antibiotic resistance & their mechanism of action(briefoverview)
12. Selected organisms: (E.coli, M.tuberculosis, S. cerevisae, Cyanobacteria, Plasmodium, Pox Virus, Influenza virus & λ phage)
13. Prions: a non-microbial infectious agent
14. Genetically modified organisms
Recommended Books:-
“Brock Biology of Micro-organisms 10e” Michael M. Madigan, John Martinko, Jack Parker.
[edit] B303 BIOCHEMISTRY (Credits-4)
1. Overview of Biochemistry
2. Amino acids and proteins
3. Carbohydrates
4. Nucleotides and nucleic acids
5. Lipids
6. Vitamins
7. Hormones
8. Protein structure, folding, modification, targeting & degradation
9. Protein function: - enzymes, enzyme kinetics, enzyme regulation and inhibition
10. Metabolism and metabolic pathways
11. Glycolysis
12. TCA cycle
13. Oxidative Phosphorylation
14. Photophosphorylation
15. Fatty acid degradation
16. Carbohydrate biosynthesis (Pentose phosphate pathway)
17. Fatty acid synthesis
18. Cholesterol of steroid biogenesis
19. Amino acid biosynthesis & degradation
20. Nucleotide biosynthesis & degradation
21. Membrane structure function & transport across membrane
22. Biochemistry of signal transduction
23. Biochemistry of hormone action
Recommended Books:-
Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, Fourth Edition by David L. Nelson (Author), Michael M. Cox (Author)
[edit] B401 Plant anatomy & physiology (Credits-4)
1. Overview of plant kingdom
2. Gross anatomy of plants
3. Plant cell architecture
4. Water & plant cells
5. Water balance of plants
6. Mineral nutrition
7. Transport of nutrients
8. Photosynthesis
9. Phloem translocation
10. Respiration
11. Nutrient assimilation
12. Gene expression and signal transduction
13. Cell walls: structure & biosynthesis
14. Senescence & programmed cell death
15. Phytochrome, photomorphogenesis
16. Blue light responses
17. Plant growth regulator: auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene abscisic acid
18. Control of flowering and physiology of plant reproduction, fruit ripening
19. Stress physiology and stress resistance
20. Plant pathogen interaction
Recommended Books:-
“Plant Physiology” Taiz & Zeiger Sinauer.
[edit] B402 Animal Physiology (Credits-4)
1. Overview of animal anatomy and body plan
2. Fundamentals of animal physiology
3. Homeostasis
4. Biomembranes & transport across membrane
5. Membrane potential
6. Neurophysiology
7. Sensory physiology
8. Physiology of muscle
9. Cardiovascular systems or cardiac physiology
10. Respiratory system access animal phyla & gas exchange
11. Excretory systems
12. Osmoregulation
13. Fluid and acid base balance
14. Digestive system
15. Endocrine system
16. Reproductive system
17. Lymphatics and immune system
Recommended Books:-
“Animal Physiology”, Hill R, Wise G A & Anderson M Sinauer.
[edit] B403 Genetics (Credits- 4)
1. Introduction and overview of genetics
2. Information transfer DNA-RNA-Protein/genotype &phenotype
3. Eukaryotics & Prokaryotic genes, Pseudogenes
4. Cell division- mitosis & meiosis
5. Model genetic systems
6. Mutation, mutagenesis & mutant selection
7. Mendelian inheritance
8. Alleles, Complementation
9. Deviation from mendelian inheritance, Linkage & Sex-linked inheritance
10. Recombination, recombination mapping and mechanism off recombination
11. Gene expression and its characterization
12. Gene function and phenotype loss of function & gain of function
13. Gene interaction – suppressors & enhancers redundancy & epistasis
14. Bacterial gene regulation
15. λ phage
16. Eukaryotic gene regulation
17. Epigenesis
18. Reverse genetics, genomes and genomics
19. Elements of human genetics & genetic disorders
20. Population genetics
21. Immunogenetics
22. Genes and Evolution
Recommended Books:-
Principles of Genetics, by Eldon J. Gardner (Author), D.Peter Snustad (Editor), Michael J. Simmons (Editor)
[edit] B501 Molecular Biology (Credits-4)
1. Molecular biology an overview
2. Discovery of DNA as genetic material
3. Structure of DNA
4. RNAs and their structure & function
5. Chromosomes, chromatin and function
6. Replication of DNA
7. Mutations and their consequences
8. Repair of DNA
9. Recombination
10. Transposons & retroposons
11. Transcription
12. RNA processing and RNA splicing
13. Translation
14. Genetic code
15. Gene regulation in Prokaryotes
16. Gene regulation in Eukaryotes
17. Gene regulation during development
18. Genomic & evolution of diversity
19. Model organisms
Recommended Books:-
“Text Molecular Biology of the gene” by Watson et.al Pearson.
[edit] B502 Immunology (Credits-4)
1. Overview of the Immune system
2. Cells and organs of the immune system
3. Antigens
4. Innate immunity
5. Adaptive immune response
6. Immunoglobulins- structure and function
7. Immunoglobulin genes- Organization and rearrangement
8. Antibody diversity
9. Antigen antibody reactions
10. MHC (antigens and genes)
11. Antigen processing & presentation
12. T cell receptors, T cell receptor genes & gene rearrangements
13. T cell maturation, activation & differentiation
14. B cell generation, activation & development
15. Self Non-self discrimination (mechanism)
16. Clonal selection theory & idiotypic network hypothesis
17. Cytokines
18. The complement system
19. Cell mediated effector response
20. Leukocyte migration and inflammation
21. Hypersensitive reactions
22. Immune regulation
23. Immune response to infectious organisms
24. Vaccines
25. Immunodeficiency diseases (AIDS)
26. Autoimmunity
27. Transplantation immunology
28. Tumour immunology
29. Immunotechnology
30. Animal models
Recommended Books:-
“Kuby Immunology” by Goldsby, Kindt, and Osborne
[edit] B503 Developmental Biology (Credits-4)
- Development Biology: Overview
- Developmental genetics
- Cell fate determination in C. elegans
- Gametogenesis
- Fertilization
- Cleavage
- Gastrulation
- Axis formation in amphibian
- Anterior posterior patterning in amphibians
- Anterior posterior patterning in drosophila
- Hox gene and dorsoventral patterning
- Early mammalian development
- Left right patterning
- Plant embryogenesis
- Patterning in early embryo- plant homeotics in flowers
- Plant homeotics- overview
- Patterning in Central nervous system
- Ectoderm-eye development, epidermis, hair development,
neural crest, tooth development and axon guidance
- Mesoderm- somites, development of muscle, bone,
kidney, heart and vessels, formation of limbs
- Endoderm
- Sex determination in Drosophila, mammals and other species
- Regeneration
- Environmental regulation and development
- Aging & Senescence
- Infertility
- Cancer as a developmental disease
- Death and the end of development
Recommended Books:-
“Developmental biology” by Scott Gilbert
[edit] B601 Genetic Engineering (Credits-4)
1. Growth and maintenance of bacterial cultures, bacteriophages plasmids
2. Growth and maintenance of animal cells and viruses
3. Mutation, mutagenesis and mutant screening
4. Enzymes used in genetic engineering experiments, DNA
polymerases, ligase, reverse transcriptase, restriction
endonucleases and other enzymes
5. Oligonucleotides synthesis & purification
6. Antisense DNA/RNA in genetic engineering
7. Radiolabelling of nucleic acids
8. Transformation & transfection
9. Construction of genomic & cDNA library
10. Genomic DNA & cDNA cloning
11. Analysis of DNA of cloned genes
12. Analysis of protein sequencing products & cloned genes
13. Nucleic acid & protein sequencing technology
14. Protein nucleic interaction and the methods to study those
15. Polymerase Chain Reactions, types of PCRs and analysis of PCR
products; Application of PCRs.
16. Site directed mutagenesis
17. Recombination, site specific recombination
18. Transgenic plants
19. Transgenic animals
20. Other transgenic life forms
21. Ethics and economics of GM crops and GM organisms
[edit] B602 Biophysics and structural biology (Credits-4)
STRUCTURE: Scope and definition of Biophysics. Biophysics at macroscopic, microscopic level and at the molecular level. Biophysical Chemistry: structure of atoms, molecules; energy, structure of atoms and molecules, elementary quantum mechanics, stereochemistry, molecular orbitals & chirality.
PHYSICAL INSTRUMENTS AND METHODS IN BIOLOGY: Diffusion, sedimentation, electrophoresis, separation techniques, Biomolecular structure determination using X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, IR - Raman and laser spectrometry, UV-visible spectroscopy, CD, ORD, NMR, model building, computer simulation and graphics.
MACROMOLECULAR STRUCTURE: Structure of proteins. nucleic acids; membranes, action of other biologically important molecules and molecular assemblies like ribosomes, nucleosomes;functional significance of structure.
CONFORMATIONAL ANALYSIS: Van der Waals radii of atoms (equilibrium separation between non covalently bonded atoms) –contact distance criteria; Noncovalent forces determining biopolymer structure; dispersion; forces; electrostatic interations; van der Waals interactions; hydrogen bonds; hydrophobic interactions; distortional energies; description of various interactions by potential functions; principles of minimization of conformational energy.
PRINICPLES OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE: Structural implications of the peptide bond; rigid planar peptide unit; cis and trans configuration; conformations of a pair of linked peptide units; torsion angles phi and psi -steric hindrance; hardsphere approximation; allowed and disallowed conformations; Ramachandran Diagram; conformational maps for glycine and other natural amino acids; conformationally constrained amino acids and their importance.
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM: Membrane potentials; origins of membrane potential; electrochemical potentials; Donnan equilibrium; Nernst equation; Goldman equation. Membrane transport; diffusion; facilitated diffusion; membrane transport proteins; carrier mediated transport; channel mediated transport.
RADIATION PHYSICS: Radiation Quantities; units and definitions; Radiation measurement; Radiation Biology of Normal tissue system; Biological effects of ionizing radiation; structural changes in chromosomes; Gene muatation; metabolism and biological effects of radionuclide; Radiation hazards; Evaluation control and regulatory aspects of radiological safety; disposal of radioactive waste; Physics of laser - different types of lasers - biomedical applications -C.T.scan - ultra sonography. NMR Imaging – Principles – Applications.
